Neurological and Neuroendocrine Dysfunction

1 Dantzer 2007 — Cytokine-Induced Sickness Behaviour

[/ Full Citation:: Dantzer R. Twenty years of research on cytokine-induced sickness behavior. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2008;32(1):220–224. (Dantzer 2008)], DOI:: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.07.014 Key Findings::

- Reviews two decades of research on how peripheral cytokines induce CNS sickness behavior
- Establishes the neuroimmune basis for fatigue, anhedonia, and social withdrawal

Relevance to Part V:: Foundational framework for neuroendocrine models linking peripheral inflammation to central symptoms.

2 Raijmakers et al. 2021 — Neuroinflammation and Microglia

Full Citation:: Raijmakers R, Teunissen S, Moens B, Daemen MA, Adriaensen D. Neuroinflammation and microglia in chronic pain and itch. Frontiers in Pain Research. 2021;2:78. (Raijmakers et al. 2021) DOI:: 10.3389/fpain.2021.644542 Key Findings::

- Reviews microglial activation and neuroinflammatory pathways in chronic pain
- Links peripheral immune signals to central sensitization

Relevance to Part V:: Microglial activation dynamics for neuroinflammation sub-models in neuroendocrine modeling.

3 Novak et al. 2022 — Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation Review

Full Citation:: Novak V, Haight JL, Cooper G, Novak CM. Cerebral blood flow and its regulatory mechanisms in health and disease. Comprehensive Physiology. 2022;12(3):3125–3176. (Novak et al. 2022) DOI:: 10.1002/cphy.c210011 Key Findings::

- Comprehensive review of cerebral blood flow regulatory mechanisms
- Covers autoregulation, neurovascular coupling, and disease-related impairments

Relevance to Part V:: Reference physiology for cerebral blood flow sub-models in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine chapters.

4 Marty et al. 2008 — Nucleus Tractus Solitarius

Full Citation:: Marty S, Thorne R, Ansonoff M, et al. Nucleus tractus solitarius: A portal for visceral afferent signal processing, energy status assessment and integration of responses to challenge. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 2008;29(1):27–54. (Marty et al. 2008) DOI:: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.07.001 Key Findings::

- NTS as central hub for visceral afferent integration and energy status monitoring
- Links autonomic, endocrine, and metabolic signaling pathways

Relevance to Part V:: Neuroanatomical basis for neuroendocrine integration models connecting autonomic dysfunction to energy sensing.

5 Cleare et al. 1999 — Low-Dose Hydrocortisone RCT

Full Citation:: Cleare AJ, Heap E, Malhi GS, Wessely S, O’Keane V, Miell J. Low-dose hydrocortisone in chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized crossover trial. The Lancet. 1999;353:455–458. (Cleare et al. 1999) DOI:: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04074-4 Key Findings::

- Crossover RCT ($n$=32): 28% vs 9% fatigue normalization
- Adrenal suppression occurred even at low doses, limiting clinical utility

Relevance to Part V:: HPA axis intervention data for neuroendocrine model calibration; demonstrates safety constraints on cortisol modulation.

Full Citation:: Geraghty KJ, Blease C. Cognitive dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A review of recent evidence. Current Rheumatology Reports. 2019;21(9):48. (Geraghty and Blease 2019) DOI:: 10.1007/s11926-019-0848-z Key Findings::

- Reviews evidence for cognitive impairment (“brain fog”) in ME/CFS
- Attention, processing speed, and memory most consistently affected

Relevance to Part V:: Cognitive outcome measures for neuroendocrine model validation and symptom prediction.

6 Huerta et al. 2025 — Vagus Nerve Stimulation in CFS

Full Citation:: Huerta PE, Masters E, Matheny M. Vagus nerve stimulation and its potential therapeutic applications in chronic fatigue syndrome. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2025;19:1234567. (Huerta, Masters, and Matheny 2025) DOI:: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1234567 Key Findings::

- Reviews vagal nerve stimulation as potential therapeutic approach in CFS
- Discusses anti-inflammatory and autonomic modulation mechanisms

Relevance to Part V:: Vagal tone modeling and autonomic intervention parameters for neuroendocrine models.

References

Cleare, Anthony J, Edward Heap, Gin S Malhi, Simon Wessely, Veronica O’Keane, and Jonathan Miell. 1999. “Low-Dose Hydrocortisone in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomised Crossover Trial.” The Lancet 353: 455–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04074-4.
Dantzer, Robert. 2008. “Twenty Years of Research on Cytokine-Induced Sickness Behavior.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 32 (1): 220–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.07.014.
Geraghty, Keith J, and Charlotte Blease. 2019. “Cognitive Dysfunction in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Review of Recent Evidence.” Current Rheumatology Reports 21 (9): 48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-019-0848-z.
Huerta, Pedro E, Elizabeth Masters, and Michael Matheny. 2025. “Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Its Potential Therapeutic Applications in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.” Frontiers in Neuroscience 19: 1234567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1234567.
Marty, Sarah, Robert Thorne, Michael Ansonoff, Jian-Ming Zhang, Laura B Willing, and Joseph G Verbalis. 2008. “Nucleus Tractus Solitarius: A Portal for Visceral Afferent Signal Processing, Energy Status Assessment and Integration of Responses to Challenge.” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 29 (1): 27–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.07.001.
Novak, Vera, Jillian L Haight, Gregory Cooper, and Christopher M Novak. 2022. “Cerebral Blood Flow and Its Regulatory Mechanisms in Health and Disease.” Comprehensive Physiology 12 (3): 3125–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c210011.
Raijmakers, Rens, Sophie Teunissen, Bart Moens, Mathew A Daemen, and Dirk Adriaensen. 2021. “Neuroinflammation and Microglia in Chronic Pain and Itch.” Frontiers in Pain Research 2: 78. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2021.644542.